The Islamic calendar is lunar, consisting of 12 months. Four of these are sacred (*Ashhur Hurum*), wherein fighting was prohibited and good deeds are magnified. This guide clarifies the significance of each month according to the Quran and the authentic Sunnah, free from cultural innovations.
The first month of the Hijri year and one of the four Sacred Months. It is the "Month of Allah". Fasting in this month is the best after Ramadan.
Sunnah of Ashura
Fasting on the 10th of Muharram expiates the sins of the previous year. It is recommended to fast the 9th as well to differ from others.
Historically, a month where Arabs would vacate their houses for travel/war. In Islam, it is a normal month like any other.
Correction of Belief
The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "There is no bad luck in Safar." This refutes the Jahiliyyah superstition that Safar brings misfortune or calamities.
The month in which the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) was born and passed away. It is a time to study his *Seerah* (biography) and follow his *Sunnah*.
Scholarly Note
There is no authentic evidence from the Prophet or Sahaba for celebrating his birthday (Mawlid) as a ritual festival. Love for him is shown by obedience to his teachings.
Also known as Rabi' al-Akhir. It marks the end of the spring season in the ancient Arabian context. There are no specific acts of worship designated solely for this month in the Sunnah.
The name relates to water freezing (Jamad) due to the cold in ancient times. A regular month for general worship without specific ritual significance in texts.
The sixth month of the calendar. It serves as a reminder that half the lunar year has passed. Muslims should continue their daily obligations of Salah and kindness.
A Sacred Month standing alone. It was honored even before Islam. Fighting is prohibited.
Note on Innovations
Authentic scholars note that specific prayers (like *Salat al-Raghaib*) or fasting specifically for Rajab are not supported by reliable Hadith.
The month where deeds are raised to Allah. The Prophet (ﷺ) used to fast most of this month in preparation for Ramadan.
Recommended
It is Sunnah to fast frequently in Sha'ban, but one should stop a day or two before Ramadan starts unless it coincides with a habitual fast.
The most blessed month. The Quran was revealed in it. Fasting is obligatory for all able adults. It contains *Laylatul Qadr*, better than 1000 months.
Key Worship
Fasting (Sawm), Taraweeh prayers, increased Quran recitation, and Charity (Zakat/Sadaqah).
Begins with *Eid al-Fitr*, a day of celebration and gratitude. It is the first of the months of Hajj.
Six Days Fast
"Whoever fasts Ramadan then follows it with six days of Shawwal, it is as if he fasted for a lifetime." (Muslim)
One of the Sacred Months. Its name implies "sitting," as Arabs would sit back from warfare to prepare for the upcoming Hajj pilgrimage.
The month of Hajj. The first 10 days are the best days of the year, more beloved to Allah than any others.
Key Events
Day of Arafah (9th) and Eid al-Adha (10th). Sacrifice (Qurbani) is performed during the days of Tashreeq (10th-13th).